Theories of Punishment in Nepal (2026): Justice System Guide

A 2026 practitioner's guide to the four classical theories of punishment — retributive, deterrent, reformative and preventive — and how each has shaped Nepal's criminal-justice policy under the National Penal Code 2074, the National Sentencing Act 2074 and the Constitution of Nepal 2072. Covers restorative justice through mediation, the constitutional abolition of capital punishment, and how judges weigh competing theories in real sentencing decisions.

March 31, 2025

Punishment System in Nepal (2026): Sentencing Act 2074 Guide

A 2026 practitioner's guide to the punishment system in Nepal under the National Penal Code 2074 and National Sentencing Act 2074 — types of punishment, imprisonment categories (simple, rigorous, life), fines, confiscation, community service, suspended sentences, probation, the constitutional abolition of capital punishment under Article 16, the Prison Act 2019 framework on classification and rehabilitation, and parole / remission of sentence.

March 31, 2025

Currency Law in Nepal 2082/83 (2026)

"What currency law in Nepal covers in 2026 — the Nepal Rastra Bank Act 2058 making NRB the sole issuer of notes and coins, the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act 2019 governing foreign-currency controls and the surrender duty, the NPR-INR fixed peg, the travel foreign-exchange facility, the 2025 change on carrying Indian notes, and the currency-counterfeiting offences under the National Penal Code 2074."

March 31, 2025

Elements of a Valid Contract in Nepal 2026: Civil Code 2074

A valid contract in Nepal under the Muluki Civil Code 2074 needs seven elements — offer and acceptance under Section 504, lawful consideration, capacity of parties under Section 506, free consent under Section 505, lawful object, certainty, and possibility of performance. This guide unpacks each element with the governing section, the void / voidable consequence when the element fails, and how Nepali courts evaluate enforceability. Updated April 2026.

March 31, 2025

Writ Procedure in Nepal (2026): 5 Constitutional Writs

A 2026 practitioner's guide to writ procedure in Nepal — the five constitutional writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto under the extraordinary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Article 133) and the High Courts (Article 144), locus standi rules for fundamental-rights and public-interest petitions, filing mechanics, supporting affidavits and the court fee, interim orders and stay relief, the standard of review and the fast-track listing of habeas corpus cases.

March 31, 2025

Court Fee in Nepal 2026 — Civil and Writ Schedule

"Court fee in Nepal is governed by the Court Fees Act 2017 (1960) and Chapter 6 of the Muluki Civil Procedure Code 2074 (Sections 63-75). Civil suits attract ad-valorem fees on a slab basis — NPR 500 flat for claims up to NPR 25,000, rising to 1% for claims above NPR 2.5 million. Non-monetary civil suits (partition, eviction, declaratory) pay NPR 500 flat under Section 70. Writ petitions at the Supreme Court / High Court pay NPR 500 baseline; habeas corpus is FREE. Appeals attract a 15% surcharge on the original registration fee. Criminal cases — government prosecutes, accused pays no fee. Government, indigent litigants and certain notified bodies are exempt."

April 02, 2025

Remedies for Breach of Contract in Nepal (2026): Civil Code 2074

A 2026 practitioner's guide to remedies for breach of contract in Nepal under the Muluki Civil Code 2074 — six remedies covering damages under Section 535, rescission and restitution under Section 538, specific performance under Section 540, injunction under Section 541, liquidated damages under Section 542, and quantum meruit, plus the Section 544 two-year limitation, mitigation of loss, election between remedies, and the District Court procedure from plaint through decree to execution.

April 04, 2025

PAN Card Registration in Nepal 2026: Steps, Documents & Fees

A 2026 practitioner's guide to PAN card registration in Nepal — the 9-digit Permanent Account Number, the personal PAN, business PAN, and D-PAN withholding-agent categories, the legal trigger under Section 78 of the Income Tax Act 2058, eligibility, required documents for individual and business applicants, the online registration process through taxpayerportal.ird.gov.np, the biometric and final-issuance step at the local Inland Revenue Office, the zero-fee policy, the 1-3 working day timeline, the transactions that require a PAN (bank account, employment, real-estate registration, vehicle registration, contracts above NPR 1 lakh), the integration with the Nagarik App, the penalty exposure for non-registration, and the assessment risk of operating without a PAN.

April 04, 2025

Principles of Evidence Law in Nepal (2026): Evidence Act 2074

A 2026 deep-dive into the principles of evidence law in Nepal under the Evidence Act 2074 — relevance and admissibility tests, the best-evidence rule, hearsay and its exceptions, the golden thread of presumption of innocence, civil and criminal standards of proof, presumptions, estoppel and waiver, privileges (attorney-client, marital, professional, religious confession), confession admissibility and the voluntariness requirement, the Article 20 right against self-incrimination, hostile and adverse witnesses, and the examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examination sequence at the District Court.

April 10, 2025

General Principles of Criminal Liability in Nepal (2026)

General principles of criminal liability in Nepal under the National Penal Code 2074 — actus reus and mens rea requirement, Sec. 9 double-jeopardy bar, Sec. 29 strict-liability exceptions, prohibition on retrospective punishment, ignorance-of-law-is-no-excuse rule, good-faith exceptions, cessation of liability on death of accused, age-based criminal responsibility, defences (mistake, necessity, self-defence, insanity, intoxication). Updated April 2026.

April 13, 2025

Principle of Res Judicata in Nepal (2026): Finality of Judgment Under CPC 2074

A 2026 practitioner's guide to the principle of res judicata in Nepal under the Muluki Civil Procedure Code 2074 — the four-prong test of same parties, same cause of action, final judgment on merits and competent jurisdiction; constructive res judicata for issues that could have been raised but weren't; cause-of-action estoppel and issue estoppel; the criminal double-jeopardy parallel under Article 20(2) of the Constitution; application to writ jurisdiction and tribunals; exceptions for jurisdictional defect, fraud, collusion and new evidence; and the Supreme Court jurisprudence shaping finality of judgment in Nepal.

April 24, 2025

Citizenship in Nepal 2026: Types, Eligibility & Process

A 2026 (2083 BS) practitioner's pillar guide to citizenship in Nepal — the constitutional framework under Articles 10 to 14 of the Constitution of Nepal 2072, the four operative categories (descent / vamsaj, birth / janmasiddha, naturalised / angikrit, honorary / sammanarthi), the District Administration Office (DAO) application process from ward recommendation to CDO sign-off, the document checklist for each category, the 2079 First Amendment and subsequent amendments through 2082 BS (maternal-line citizenship, abandoned children, foreign-spouse pathway), the Non-Resident Nepali identity card framework, the Section 10 automatic-loss rule on foreign-citizenship acquisition, replacement and duplicate certificates, common rejection reasons, and the administrative-review and judicial-review remedies where citizenship is denied.

May 01, 2025

NGO Registration in Nepal 2082/83 (2026) — Process & Law

"How to register an NGO in Nepal — an association registers under the Association Registration Act 2034 (1977) at the District Administration Office (CDO), and an NGO seeking funding, foreign aid or social-welfare programmes additionally affiliates with the Social Welfare Council under the Social Welfare Act 2049. This 2026 guide covers founding members, documents, the DAO process, SWC affiliation, annual renewal and how an NGO differs from a non-profit company."

May 01, 2025

Best Divorce Lawyer in Nepal 2026 — Hire Checklist & NRN POA

A 2026 guide to hiring a divorce lawyer in Nepal — what they handle phase by phase from plaint to decree, mutual vs contested expertise, NRN Power of Attorney work, an eight-point checklist for choosing counsel, country-by-country embassy POA flow, MoFA attestation for foreign use, and how Alpine Law Associates manages divorce files for Kathmandu and diaspora clients.

May 01, 2025

E-Passport in Nepal 2026: How to Apply, Fees & NRN Route

A 2026 (2083 BS) practitioner's guide to the Nepal e-passport — the polycarbonate biometric-chip travel document issued by the Department of Passports under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the statutory framework under the Passport Act 2024, eligibility for Nepali citizens with valid citizenship, the online pre-enrolment at nepalpassport.gov.np, biometric capture at DAO or designated centre, the two-tier fee schedule (NPR 5,000 regular / NPR 12,000 fast-track for 34-page; NPR 10,000 regular / NPR 20,000 fast-track for 66-page; NPR 9,500 child; NPR 17,000 lost/damaged replacement), 10-year validity for adults and 5-year for children, the processing timeline (regular vs fast-track), the NRN embassy route abroad with USD 150-to-200 fee and 6-to-8 week timeline, and the lost/damaged/renewal procedures.

May 04, 2025

Inter-Country Adoption in Nepal 2082/83 (2026) — Law & Status

"Inter-country adoption in Nepal under Chapter 9 of the Muluki Civil Code 2074 (Sec. 188–204) — government permission (Sec. 189), the Inter-country Adoption Board (Sec. 193), foreign-adopter eligibility (Sec. 192), the domestic-first subsidiarity rule, and the critical 2026 status: Nepal is not a Hague party and the process is effectively suspended. Practitioner guide."

July 21, 2025

House Rent Law in Nepal 2026: Tenant & Landlord Rights

Complete house rent guide for Nepal 2026 (2083 BS) — Muluki Civil Code 2074 Chapter 9 (Sections 383 to 405), 5-year maximum residential lease, mandatory written agreement above NPR 20,000 monthly, 35-day notice rule for termination, local ward rental tax of 10 to 17 percent, Section 88 TDS framework for corporate-tenant rent, security deposit and refund rules, eviction grounds, dispute-resolution route through the ward office and District Court, NRN landlord coordination, and the practical operating differences between residential and commercial tenancies.

July 21, 2025

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